On a typical Thursday in November, in a rural circuit court slightly northeast of Kansas City in Kingston, people trickle in and out of a largely empty courtroom.
They come for a variety of reasons: speeding tickets, driving without a license, car accidents and occasionally more serious crimes. But at the end of almost every case, the judge asks the same questions.
kAm“w@H =@?8 5@ J@F E9:?< :E’== E2<6 J@F E@ A2Jn”k^Am
kAm“(92E’D 2 C62D@?23=6 2>@F?E 7@C J@F E@ A2J 6249 >@?E9n”k^Am
kAm%96 766D 2?5 7:?6D :>A@D65 C2?865 7C@> 2 4@FA=6 9F?5C65 5@==2CD E@ 2 76H E9@FD2?5] |2?J @7 E96> AC@>:D65 E@ A2J :? E:>6 3J >:5\s646>36C[ 3FE E92E 42? 36 2 92C5 AC@>:D6 E@ <66A 7@C E9@D6 H9@ 2C6 A@@C]k^Am
kAmp?5 H96? E9@D6 766D 2C6?’E A2:5 @77 BF:4<=J[ J@F’C6 @C56C65 E@ D9@H FA :? 4@FCE 282:?]k^Am
kAm(96E96C E96J 92G6 366? 8F:=EJ @7 2?J A2DE 4C:>6D :D 2=C625J 56E6C>:?65] %96J H6C6 ?@H 2== :? 4@FCE 7@C E96 D2>6 4C:>6i 36:?8 E@@ A@@C E@ A2J 7@C E96:C ;2:= E:>6]k^Am
kAmu@C >2?J @7 E96>[ E96 AF?:D9>6?E :D 6G6? >@C6 ;2:= E:>6 2?5[ 2D 2 C6DF=E[ 2? 6G6? 9:896C 3@2C5 3:==] x? @C @FE @7 ;2:=[ >2?J C6>2:? :>AC:D@?65 — 3J 563E]k^Am
kAmqFE DF49 2 D:EF2E:@?[ H9:49 E6?5D E@ 92AA6? :? CFC2= 2C62D[ :D 36:?8 492==6?865 :? E96 4@FCED E96>D6=G6D]k^Am
kAm$:I 42D6D 92G6 366? 7:=65 3J AF3=:4 5676?56C |2EE96H |F6==6C :? 2== E9C66 |:DD@FC: 2AA6==2E6 4@FCED[ 2== @? 3692=7 @7 4=:6?ED H9@ |F6==6C D2JD D9@F=5 ?6G6C 92G6 366? 492C865 :? E96 7:CDE A=246]k^Am
kAm~E96C D@=FE:@?D E92E H:== 96=A 4@>32E E9:D AC@3=6> 2C6 :? E96 H@C<D :? D@>6 |:DD@FC: ;FC:D5:4E:@?D[ 3J =2H>2<6CD :? y6776CD@? r:EJ 2?5 :? @E96C DE2E6D] x? D@>6 42D6D[ E9@D6 677@CED 7@4FD @? E96 4@DE @7 CF??:?8 4C@H565 ;2:=D[ H9:49 :D 2 >2:? 5C:G6C 369:?5 E96D6 492C86D]k^Am
k9bmp ?2E:@?H:56 AC@3=6>k^9bm
kAmu@C4:?8 E96 :?42C46C2E65 E@ A2J 7@C E96:C @H? :?42C46C2E:@? :D ?@E F?:BF6 E@ |:DD@FC:]k^Am
kAmp44@C5:?8 E@ 2 a_`d DEF5J 3J E96 qC6??2? r6?E6C 7@C yFDE:46[ cb DE2E6D 492C86 “A2J E@ DE2J” 766D[ H9:49 2C6 6DD6?E:2==J 3@2C5 3:==D] p3@FE 2 E9:C5 @7 &]$] 4@F?E:6D 492C86 C@@>\2?5\3@2C5 766D 2E E96 =@42= =6G6= 2D H6==]k^Am
kAm$@>6E:>6D[ DF49 3@2C5 766D 2C6 G@=F?E2CJ] x? A2CED @7 r2=:7@C?:2[ 7@C :?DE2?46[ 2? :?>2E6 :D @776C65 E@ FA8C256 E@ >@C6 4@>7@CE23=6 ;2:=D 2E 2 4@DE A6C 52J] qFE 7@C >@DE H9@ 2C6 A@@C[ 766D 2C6 D=2AA65 @?E@ E96>]k^Am
kAm}6:E96C :D E96 :DDF6 2 ?6H @?6] x? `hgb[ E96 42D6 q62C56? G] v6@C8:2 H6?E FA E@ E96 &]$] $FAC6>6 r@FCE 3642FD6 >2?J A6@A=6 H6C6 36:?8 AFE :? ;2:= @C :? 563E@C’D AC:D@?D 7@C 72:=:?8 E@ A2J 4@FCE 766D 2?5 7:?6D]k^Am
kAm|:DD@FC:’D 4@F?EJ ;2:=D 2C6 ?@ 6I46AE:@?] ~7 E96 ``c 4@F?E:6D[ @?=J D6G6? :? 7:D42= J62C a_`f 5:5 ?@E 4@==64E 2?J >@?6J C6=2E65 E@ 3@2C5 3:==D[ 244@C5:?8 E@ 7:8FC6D 7C@> E96 |:DD@FC: ~77:46 @7 $E2E6 r@FCED p5>:?:DEC2E@C] %96 E@E2= 2>@F?E 7C@> 2== 4@F?E:6D E92E J62C :? 3@2C5 3:== 5:D3FCD6>6?ED H2D ?62C Sc]f >:==:@?]k^Am
kAmx?>2E6D :?D:56 2?5 @FED:56 |:DD@FC: 2C6 C2C6=J 492C865 H:E9 @?=J 2 3@2C5 3:==] p A24<286 @7 @E96C 7:?6D 2?5 766D E92E :?4C62D6D E96:C 563E :D :?4=F565[ E@@] v6@C86 #:496J @7 pAA=6E@? r:EJ :D @?6 @7 |F6==6C’D 4=:6?ED H9@ H2D 7@F?5 8F:=EJ @7 G:@=2E:?8 2 AC@E64E:@? @C56C :? a_`c[ A6C 2 AC@323=6 42FD6 DE2E6>6?E] p =@@< 2E 9:D 3:== @7 4@DED D9@HD 2 G2C:6EJ @7 766D 2DD6DD65 282:?DE 9:>[ 7C@> 2? :?>2E6 AC:D@?6C 56E2:?66 D64FC:EJ 766 E@ 2 S`_ 492C86 7@C 2 4C:>6 G:4E:>D’ 4@>A6?D2E:@? 7F?5]k^Am
kAmqFE 2D :? >@DE 42D6D[ E96 3@2C5 3:== >2<6D FA E96 >2;@C:EJ @7 E96 4@DED] ~7 E96 Sb[aae 2DD6DD65 E@ #:496J :? a_`d[ Sb[`d_ :D 7@C 3@2C5 2E Sbd 2 52J] k^Am
kAmp=>@DE a½ J62CD =2E6C[ #:496J :D DE:== A2J:?8 7@C E92E 3:==[ H:E9 2 32=2?46 @7 2C@F?5 S`[e__ =67E 2D @7 |2J] %92E :D[ F?E:= 96 H2D 9:E H:E9 2 ?6H 3@2C5 3:== :? a_`e @7 2? 255:E:@?2= Sa[afd — E96 C6DF=E @7 36:?8 ;2:=65 3642FD6 96 4@F=5?’E 7F==J A2J E96 7:CDE 3:==]k^Am
kAm#:496J 5@6D?’E <?@H H96? 96’== 6G6C A2J 2== @7 :E]k^Am
kAm“x’> @? 5:D23:=:EJ] x >2<6 Se__ 2 >@?E9[” #:496J D2:5] “(96? J@F’C6 @? 2 7:I65 :?4@>6[ E92E’D AC6EEJ 92C5 @? J@FC 3F586E] %96J ;FDE <66A 9@F?5:?8 >6 7@C E96 >@?6J]”k^Am
k9bm‘!2J E@ DE2J’k^9bm
kAm%96 3@2C5 3:== :DDF6 AC:>2C:=J 4@>6D FA @? E96 4@F?EJ 2?5 DE2E6 =6G6=] x? 3@E9 42D6D[ E96 4@F?EJ A=2JD 2? :>A@CE2?E C@=6]k^Am
kAmx?>2E6D =:<6 #:496J[ H9@ 2C6 492C865 H:E9 @?=J 2 >:D562>62?@C[ 2C6 92?5=65 3J E96 4@F?EJ] %96 |:DD@FC: DE2EFE6 E92E 8@G6C?D DF49 42D6D DE2E6D E92E H96? E96 5676?52?E :D D6?E6?465 E@ :>AC:D@?>6?E :? E96 4@F?EJ ;2:= 2?5 :D F?23=6 E@ A2J E96 4@DED[ :E :D E96 4@F?EJ E92E 92D E@ A2J]k^Am
kAm“(6==[ ?@E DFCAC:D:?8=J[ E96 4@F?EJ ?6G6C W3:==DX E96 4@DED 282:?DE E96 4@F?EJ[” D2:5 |F6==6C[ H9@ 92D D66? 4@F?E=6DD 42D6D =:<6 #:496J’D]k^Am
kAmx?>2E6D 492C865 H:E9 76=@?J 4C:>6D 2C6 DF3;64E E@ E96 |:DD@FC: x?42C46C2E:@? #6:>3FCD6>6?E p4E[ H96C6 E96 DE2E6 @7 |:DD@FC: 42? 5C2H @FE >@?6J 7C@> :?>2E6D 7@C E96:C E:>6 :? DE2E6 AC:D@?]k^Am
kAmqFE E96 4@F?EJ 42? D@>6E:>6D 92G6 2 C@=6 :? H92E DE2E6 AC:D@?6CD 2C6 492C865[ 2D >2?J AC:D@?6CD @7E6? H2:E :? 4@F?EJ ;2:=D 7:CDE 7@C E96:C ;F58>6?E 367@C6 EC2?D76CC:?8 E@ AC:D@?]k^Am
kAm$92?52 v2?2H2J @7 r2?E@? A=62565 8F:=EJ :? a_`c E@ 2 76=@?J @7 5:DEC:3FE:?8 2 4@?EC@==65 DF3DE2?46] q67@C6 E92E[ D96 H2D 96=5 :? {6H:D r@F?EJ y2:= 7@C 7@FC >@?E9D H9:=6 2H2:E:?8 2 7:?2= ;F58>6?E] k^Am
kAm!6C DE2EFE6[ :7 E96 A6CD@? :D 566>65 :??@46?E[ E96 DE2E6 5@6D?’E 92G6 E@ C6:>3FCD6 4@F?E:6D] qFE :7 7@F?5 8F:=EJ[ 2?5 E96 5676?52?E :D E@@ A@@C E@ A2J[ E96? E96 DE2E6 :D C6BF:C65 E@ C6:>3FCD6 E92E 4@DE]k^Am
kAmx? E9:D 42D6[ v2?2H2J A=62565 8F:=EJ 3FE H2D 566>65 :?5:86?E] $@ E96 4@F?EJ D6?E 2 C6:>3FCD6>6?E C6BF6DE E@ E96 |:DD@FC: s6A2CE>6?E @7 r@CC64E:@?D]k^Am
kAm|2?J DE2E6D C6:>3FCD6 4@F?E:6D H96? :E 4@>6D E@ 9@=5:?8 DE2E6 AC:D@? @G6C7=@H] qFE |:DD@FC: :D @?6 @7 E96 76H E@ C6:>3FCD6 4@F?E:6D 7@C 2 5676?52?E’D =@42= ;2:= E:>6 2D E96 A6CD@?’D 42D6 8@6D E9C@F89 E96 ;F5:4:2= DJDE6>]k^Am
kAmpE E9:D E:>6[ 925 E96 ;F586 D6?E6?465 v2?2H2J E@ AC@32E:@? :?DE625[ ?@ C6:>3FCD6>6?E H@F=5 4@>6 :?] %9:D 8:G6D :?46?E:G6D 7@C >@C6 AC:D@? D6?E6?46D[ D2:5 qCJ2? uFCDE[ 2? 6IA6CE H:E9 E96 qC6??2? r6?E6C H9@ :D <66A:?8 EC24< @7 46CE2:? |:DD@FC: 42D6D :?G@=G:?8 563E 4@6C4:@?] k^Am
kAmw@H6G6C[ E96C6’D 2 42G62E — |:DD@FC: =2H 2=D@ 42AD E96 2>@F?E E92E 4@F?E:6D 42? 36 C6:>3FCD65 7@C E96 4@DE @7 :?42C46C2E:@? 3J E96 DE2E6 2E Sbf]d_ A6C 52J]k^Am
kAmq642FD6 @7 E96 42A[ {6H:D r@F?EJ 5:5?’E 86E :ED 7F== 2>@F?E 324<[ D@ :E 3:==65 v2?2H2J E96 C6>2:?:?8 4@DED] |F6==6C 2C8F6D E92E E9:D D9@F=5?’E 92AA6?[ 3642FD6 v2?2H2J H2D 2=C625J 566>65 F?23=6 E@ A2J]k^Am
kAmuFCDE 28C665]k^Am
kAm“x? E9:D 42D6[ H92E >2<6D :E A2CE:4F=2C=J 68C68:@FD :D E92E E96J 2=C625J 566>65 96C :?5:86?E[” 96 D2:5] “qFE E96J’C6 DE:== 8@:?8 27E6C 96C]”k^Am
kAm|F6==6C 92D ?@E:465 :?DE2?46D H96C6 E96 D2>6 A6CD@? H2D 566>65 E@@ A@@C 7@C 76=@?J 42D6D[ D@ E96 DE2E6 H@F=5 A2J[ 3FE E96? H2D?’E 566>65 A@@C 7@C @E96C >:D56>62?@C 42D6D] x? E9@D6 42D6D[ E92E A6CD@? H@F=5 362C E96 4@DED]k^Am
kAm“%96 4@F?E:6D 92G6 67764E:G6=J 23D@=G65 E96>D6=G6D @7 2== C6DA@?D:3:=:EJ 7@C E96 A2J>6?E @7 4@DED[” |F6==6C D2:5]k^Am
kAm%96 DE2EFE6D 92G6 2=C625J >256 :E 4=62C E92E H9@6G6C 362CD E96 4@DED 56A6?5D @? :7 E96 5676?52?E :D E@@ A@@C E@ A2J] (92E :D F?4=62C :D 9@H E96 4@FCED 56E6C>:?6 E92E[ @C :7 E96J 6G6? 92G6 E@]k^Am
k9bmp3:=:EJ E@ A2Jk^9bm
kAm%9C@F89 E96 q62C56? G] v6@C8:2 42D6[ E96 $FAC6>6 r@FCE 92D CF=65 E92E =@H6C 4@FCED >FDE >2<6 :?5:86?4J 56E6C>:?2E:@?D[ H96C6 E96 4@FCE 92D E@ 564:56 :7 D@>6@?6 :D “H:==7F==J” 72:=:?8 E@ A2J 2 7:?6 @C 766]k^Am
kAmqFE 24C@DD E96 ?2E:@?[ E92E :D?’E 7@==@H65 AC@A6C=J]k^Am
kAm“v6?6C2==J H92E J@F D66 :? >2?J DE2E6D :D E96D6 :?5:86?4J 56E6C>:?2E:@?D 2C6 ?@E 5@?6 BF:4<=J @C FA7C@?E[” D2:5 }@29 pE49:D@?[ 2 C6D62C49 2DD@4:2E6 2E E96 qC6??2? r6?E6C 7@C yFDE:46]k^Am
kAmxE’D @?=J 27E6C 2 H2CC2?E :D :DDF65 7@C 72:=FC6 E@ A2J 27E6C 2== E96 563E 92D 244F>F=2E65 E92E E96 4@FCE =2E6C 56E6C>:?6D @?6 :D :?5:86?E]k^Am
kAm“xE’D =682==J 4@>A=:2?E 3642FD6 E96 4@FCED 42? D2J[ ‘~9[ H6 5:5?’E <?@H E96J H6C6 :?5:86?E 2E E96 E:>6 H6 492C865 E96> 3642FD6 H6 5:5?’E 5@ E96 :?5:86?46 56E6C>:?2E:@? F?E:= 27E6C E96J 72:=65 E@ A2J E96 @C:8:?2= 766[’” 96 D2:5] k^Am
kAm%96 |:DD@FC: $FAC6>6 r@FCE 92D 255C6DD65 :?5:86?4J 962C:?8D]k^Am
kAmx? a_`f[ :E 962C5 2 42D6 H96C6 2 =@H6C 4@FCE :>AC@A6C=J C6G@<65 (:==:2> u=6>:?8’D AC@32E:@? 7@C 72:=FC6 E@ A2J 9:D 3@2C5 3:== 2?5 @E96C 4@DED] u=6>:?8 A=62565 8F:=EJ E@ 5@>6DE:4 2DD2F=E :? a__g] x? E96 CF=:?8[ :E E@=5 EC:2= 4@FCED E96J 925 E@ 9@=5 :?BF:C:6D :?E@ 23:=:EJ E@ A2J]k^Am
kAmx? 724E[ E96 |:DD@FC: $FAC6>6 r@FCE 4:E65 E96 q62C56? 42D6] s6DA:E6 E96D6 EH@ 3:?5:?8 564:D:@?D[ :? #:496J’D 42D6 2?5 >2?J @E96CD[ E96 4@FCE 5:5?’E 56E6C>:?6 :?5:86?4J[ |F6==6C D2:5] k^Am
kAm!F3=:4 5676?56C p>J {@H6[ H9@ C6AC6D6?E65 u=6>:?8[ 5@6D?’E D66 E96 =24< @7 :?5:86?4J 962C:?8D 2D 4@F?E:6D 2G@:5:?8 A2J:?8 4@DED] k^Am
kAm“x 5@?’E E9:?< ;F586D 2C6 AFCA@D6=J :8?@C:?8 E96 CF=:?8D[” {@H6 D2:5] “x E9:?< E96C6 :D 4@?7FD:@? @G6C E96 DE6AD E92E E96J 92G6 E@ E2<6 2?5 H96C6 E9:D 2?2=JD:D 2AA=:6D[ 2?5 x E9:?< :E’D 2 >2EE6C @7 E96 564256D H96C6 q62C56? H2D?’E 6?7@C465]”k^Am
kAmtG6? :7 :?5:86?4J 56E6C>:?2E:@?D 2C6 5@?6 FA7C@?E[ 9@H E@ 56E6C>:?6 :E :D F?4=62C[ 2D E96 $FAC6>6 r@FCE 5:5 ?@E 6IA=:4:E=J 567:?6 “H:==7F==J” :? q62C56?]k^Am
kAm“|2?J E:>6D H96? E96 962C:?8D 2C6 5@?6[ :E :D ?@E 36:?8 5@?6 :? 2 DJDE6>2E:4 H2J[” uFCDE D2:5] “(6’G6 D66? E9:D 92AA6? 367@C6i p ;F586 =@@<D 2E E96 5676?52?E[ D2J:?8[ ‘*@F 4@F=5 277@C5 2 DF:E 7@C E@52J[ D@ J@F 4@F=5 277@C5 E@ A2J E96 7:?6]’” k^Am
kAm%96C6 :D 4FCC6?E=J ?@ =2H :? |:DD@FC: E92E DE2E6D 6IA=:4:E=J H92E E96 DE2?52C5D 7@C “23:=:EJ E@ A2J” 2C6] }6:E96C :D E96C6 2 DE2EFE6 E92E 6IA=:4:E=J C6BF:C6D :?5:86?4J 962C:?8D :? 6G6CJ 42D6]k^Am
kAmw@H6G6C[ |F6==6C 2C8F6D E96 27@C6>6?E:@?65 DE2EFE6D E92E 8@G6C? H9@ 92D E@ A2J :? 76=@?J 2?5 >:D56>62?@C 42D6D :>A=:4:E=J C6BF:C6 >62?:?87F= :?BF:C:6D :?E@ 23:=:EJ E@ A2J]k^Am
kAm“p?5 >@DE @7 E96D6 5676?52?ED 2C6 ?646DD2C:=J :?5:86?E 3J G:CEF6 @7 E96 724E E96J 2C6 C6AC6D6?E65 3J E96 |:DD@FC: !F3=:4 s676?56C[” |F6==6C 25565]k^Am
kAms2E2 7C@> E96 qC6??2? r6?E6C D9@HD E92E g_ E@ h_ A6C46?E @7 E9@D6 492C865 A2J\E@\DE2J 766D 2C6 6=:8:3=6 7@C 2 AF3=:4 5676?56C] k^Am
kAm%96 4=@D6DE |:DD@FC: =2H 86ED E@ 6IA=2:?:?8 :?5:86?4J 56E6C>:?2E:@?D :D H96? 564:5:?8 H9@ BF2=:7:6D 7@C 2 AF3=:4 5676?56C] %96 AF3=:4 5676?56C DJDE6> 92D :ED @H? CF=6D @7 9@H E@ 56E6C>:?6 :?5:86?4J[ 32D65 @? 7656C2= A@G6CEJ 8F:56=:?6D]k^Am
kAm%96 |:DD@FC:2? C624965 @FE E@ 4FCC6?E ;F586D E@ D66 9@H E96J 56E6C>:?65 :?5:86?4J[ :7 E96J 5:5 D@ 2E 2==]k^Am
kAmyF586 #FDD6== $E66=6[ H9@ AC6D:565 @G6C v2?2H2J’D 42D6[ HC@E6 :? 2? 6>2:= E92E 96 4@F=5?’E 4@>>6?E @? 2?J A6?5:?8 42D6D]k^Am
kAm"F6DE:@?D E@ yF586 y6CCJ #6==:92?[ H9@ AC6D:565 @G6C #:496J’D 42D6[ H6C6 :?DE625 2?DH6C65 3J 9:D 4:C4F:E 4@FCE 4=6C<[ z2C6? wF332C5] k^Am
kAm“%JA:42==J[ :7 2 A6CD@? 5@6D?’E 92G6 2?J >@?6J[ E96J H@F=5 D6E 2 A2J>6?E C6G:6H 52E6[” wF332C5 D2:5[ “2?5 hh A6C46?E @7 E96 E:>6 E96J 5@ 92G6 E96 >@?6J =2E6C]”k^Am
kAm~? E92E C6G:6H 52E6[ :7 E96 A6CD@? DE:== 5@6D?’E 92G6 6?@F89 >@?6J[ 96 @C D96 H@F=5 D6E 2?@E96C C6G:6H 52E6]k^Am
kAm“(6 8:G6 7@=<D A=6?EJ @7 E:>6 E@ >2<6 E9@D6 A2J>6?ED[” wF332C5 D2:5]k^Am
kAm(96? 2D<65 23@FE |F6==6C’D 42D6[ wF332C5 D2:5 D96 4@F=5 ?@E AC@G:56 2?J 4@>>6?E @? E96 A6?5:?8 42D6] k^Am
k9bmq2CC:6CD E@ C66?ECJk^9bm
kAmp=E9@F89 wF332C5 G:6HD E96 A2J>6?E C6G:6H 52E6D 2D 2>A=6 E:>6 E@ A2J H92E :D @H65[ #:496J[ H9@ 92D 925 E@ 8@ E@ >F=E:A=6 C6G:6H 52E6D[ D66D :E 5:776C6?E=J]k^Am
kAm“xE’D DEC6DD7F=[” 96 D2:5[ “2 4@FCE 52E6 6G6CJ >@?E9 7@C >6] x 92G6 E@ 7:?5 2 C:56[ 3FE x 5@?’E 92G6 2 42C @C 5C:G6C’D =:46?D6]”k^Am
kAmx? CFC2= 2C62D[ 2 5C:G6 E@ E96 4@FCE9@FD6 :D?’E ;FDE 2 76H >:?FE6D 2H2J] u@C #:496J[ :E 42? E2<6 FA E@ 92=7 2? 9@FC] k^Am
kAm|F6==6C D66D C6G:6H 962C:?8D[ H9:49 v2?2H2J 2=D@ 7246D[ 2D 2 7@C> @7 92C2DD>6?E D:?46 E96J 42? 4@?E:?F6 F?E:= E96 2>@F?E :D A2:5] p?5 :7 ;FDE @?6 52E6 :D >:DD65[ :E 4@F=5 92G6 4@?D6BF6?46D[ DF49 2D 2CC6DE 7@C 72:=FC6 E@ 2AA62C :? 4@FCE]k^Am
kAm“%96D6 4@FCED 2C6 E9C62E6?:?8 E96D6 A6@A=6 H:E9 2CC6DE :7 E96J 5@?’E A2J[” |F6==6C D2:5] “}@ @?6 6=D6 92D E9:D A@H6C] ]]] %92E’D ;FDE D42CJ]” k^Am
kAmp C62D@? E96D6 C6G:6H 962C:?8D @44FC :D E92E >2?J H9@ @H6 FDF2==J 6?5 FA @? A2J>6?E A=2?D[ H96C6 E96J A2J D>2== :?4C6>6?ED >@?E9 3J >@?E9] %96 4@FCE H2?ED E@ 6?DFC6 :E’D <66A:?8 EC24< @7 9@H 72C 2=@?8 E96J 2C6 :? A2J:?8]k^Am
kAm“%96 =2DE E:>6 x 5:5?’E A2J 6?@F89[ x EC:65 E@ 6IA=2:? E@ E96 4@FCE E92E x 42?’E 277@C5 E9:D H:E9 9@FD:?8 4@DED 2?5 6G6CJE9:?8 6=D6[” #:496J D2:5] “qFE E96J ;FDE <66A 8C:==:?8 >6 7@C E96 >@?6J] x’> A2J:?8 :E 5@H?[ 3FE x’> ?@E A2J:?8 72DE 6?@F89 7@C E96 ;F586D]” k^Am
kAm%9:D :D @?=J @?6 @7 E96 @3DE24=6D E9@D6 492C865 H:E9 3@2C5 3:==D 7246 H96? ECJ:?8 E@ C6\6?E6C D@4:6EJ] p?5 =:<6 #:496J[ @?6 42? 8@ 324< E@ ;2:= 282:? 7@C D:>A=6 72:=FC6 E@ A2J] xE 42? D@>6E:>6D 766= =:<6 6IEC2 E:>6 7@C E96 D2>6 4C:>6]k^Am
kAmpD H2D E96 42D6 H:E9 u=6>:?8[ AC@32E:@? :D 2=D@ @7E6? E9C62E6?65 7@C 72:=FC6 E@ A2J[ >62?:?8 ;2:= E:>6]k^Am
kAmu@C v2?2H2J[ 3642FD6 D96 92D?’E 7:?:D965 A2J:?8 @77 H92E D96 @H6D[ D96’D F?23=6 E@ 86E @77 AC@32E:@?]k^Am
kAm“}@H[ E9:D AC@32E:@? <66AD >6 7C@> 8@:?8 @FE @7 4@F?EJ[ 2?5 E96C6’D C62==J ?@ ;@3D 96C6 :? r2?E@? 2E 2==[” D96 D2:5] k^Am
kAm%92E’D @?6 D:56 67764E @7 E96 C6G:6H 962C:?8D — 7@C v2?2H2J[ 2? F?6>A=@J65 D:?8=6 >@E96C[ D96 :D DEF4< H96C6 D96 :D :? @C56C E@ 2AA62C 2E E96D6 962C:?8D[ H9:49 AC6G6?ED 96C C6=@42E:@? 6=D6H96C6 E@ 86E E96 ;@3 ?66565 E@ DE2CE A2J:?8 E96 3:==]k^Am
kAmq6J@?5 2== E92E[ E96C6’D ;FDE E96 25565 AC6DDFC6 @7 32=2?4:?8 563E 2?5 ECJ:?8 E@ DFCG:G6]k^Am
kAm“xE’D 27764E65 >6 EC6>6?5@FD=J[” v2?2H2J D2:5] “x 42?’E 5@ E9:?8D H:E9 >J 72>:=J] xE’D 27764E65 >J 49:=5C6? 3642FD6 H6’C6 ?@E 7:?2?4:2==J DE23=6] xE’D ;FDE 9:?56C65 >6 7C@> 2 =@E @7 E9:?8D]” k^Am
k9bm%96 ?665 7@C >@?6Jk^9bm
kAmq@E9 v2?2H2J 2?5 #:496J =:G6 :? CFC2= A=246D] x? 724E[ >@DE 42D6D 5@?’E @44FC :? FC32? 4@F?E:6D[ |F6==6C @3D6CG65]k^Am
kAmu@C 6I2>A=6[ q@@?6 r@F?EJ 5@6D?’E FDF2==J 492C86 3@2C5 3:==D E@ E9@D6 :? :ED ;2:=j >@DE @7 E96 E:>6[ :E 86ED H2:G65]k^Am
kAm“%96D6 CFC2= 4@F?E:6D H@F=5 ?6G6C D66< E@ 5@ E92E[” D2:5 |F6==6C[ H9@ 92D AC24E:465 :? r@=F>3:2] “x E9:?< :E’D 3642FD6 E96J 5@?’E 92G6 2 =2C86 E2I 32D6] %96J 5@?’E 92G6 2 =@E @7 C6G6?F6 =:<6 E96D6 FC32? 4@F?E:6D 5@]” k^Am
kAmu:8FC6D 7C@> E96 ~77:46 @7 $E2E6 r@FCED p5>:?:DEC2E@C D66> E@ 324< |F6==6C FA]k^Am
kAmx? 7:D42= J62C a_`f[ !=2EE6 2?5 r=2J 4@F?E:6D :? E96 z2?D2D r:EJ 2C62 2?5 $E] r92C=6D 2?5 $E] {@F:D 4@F?E:6D :? E96 $E] {@F:D 2C62 4@==64E65 ?@ >@?6J 7C@> 3@2C5 3:==D] q@@?6 r@F?EJ 2?5 vC66?6 r@F?EJ[ H9:49 4@?E2:?D $AC:?87:6=5[ 4@==64E65 D:8?:7:42?E=J =6DD :? 3@2C5 3:==D[ F?56C 2 E9@FD2?5 5@==2CD]k^Am
kAmr@>A2C6 E92E E@ E96 @G6C2== 2G6C286 @7 Sc`[ge_ E92E |:DD@FC: 4@F?E:6D 4@==64E65 :? 3@2C5 3:==D =2DE J62C] {24=656 r@F?EJ 4@==64E65 E96 9:896DE 2>@F?E — 2C@F?5 Sae_[___]k^Am
kAm%96 :562 E92E 46CE2:? 4@F?E:6D :? A2CE:4F=2C 7246 7:?2?4:2= AC6DDFC6D H2D FD65 2D 2? 2C8F>6?E 3J 2? 2EE@C?6J C6AC6D6?E:?8 E96 DE2E6 :? @?6 @7 E96 42D6D |F6==6C 7:=65] x? 2 3C:67[ E96 C6DA@?56?E 7@C E96 DE2E6 D2:5[ “%96C6 :D ?@ H2J 4@F?E:6D 4@F=5 DFDE2:? :>>65:2E6=J 362C:?8 E96 4@DE @7 6G6CJ 5676?52?E C6AC6D6?E65 3J E96 !F3=:4 s676?56C’D @77:46 @C H9@ >2J 36 7@F?5 F?23=6 E@ A2J 2E E96 E:>6 @7 D6?E6?4:?8]”k^Am
kAmqFE E96 >@?6J :DDF6 8@6D 36J@?5 E96 D:K6 @7 2 E2I 32D6]k^Am
kAmx? a_`f[ 7@C>6C v@G] tC:4 vC6:E6?D 4C62E65 2 yFDE:46 #6:?G6DE>6?E %2D< u@C46 E@ 6I2>:?6 2== 2DA64ED @7 E96 DE2E6’D AC:D@? 2?5 ;2:= DJDE6>] ~?6 @7 E96 7:?5:?8D H2D :7 AC:D@? A@AF=2E:@? 8C@HE9 EC6?5D 4@?E:?F65[ @A6C2E:?8 4@DED H@F=5 32==@@? 2?5 EH@ ?6H AC:D@?D H@F=5 92G6 E@ 36 @A6?65]k^Am
kAm“{2H 6?7@C46>6?E :D 62E:?8 4@F?E:6D 2=:G6] xE’D 2 9F86 5C2:?[” D2:5 s:4< qFC<6[ 6I64FE:G6 5:C64E@C @7 E96 |:DD@FC: pDD@4:2E:@? @7 r@F?E:6D[ H9:49 E@@< A2CE :? E96 E2D< 7@C46] “%96C6’D ;FDE >@C6 A6@A=6 8@:?8 E@ ;2:= :? 2== 2C62D[ 2?5 2 =@E @7 :E :D 3642FD6 @7 E96 @A:@:5 4C:D:D]” k^Am
kAm~E96C 724E@CD A=2J 2 C@=6[ DF49 2D :?4C62D65 =6?8E9 @7 ;2:= DE2JD 2?5 =24< @7 AC@A6C >6?E2= 962=E9 EC62E>6?E[ A6C E96 E2D< 7@C46’D C6A@CE] }@H[ CFC2= 4@F?EJ ;2:=D E92E FD65 E@ @?=J 9@FD6 7:G6 @C `_ A6@A=6 DF556?=J 925 E@ 9@FD6 >F49 >@C6[ 2C@F?5 bd E@ c_[ qFC<6 D2:5]k^Am
kAm|:DD@FC:’D ;2:= A@AF=2E:@?[ H9:49 8C6H d_ A6C46?E 7C@> a___ E@ a_`d[ :D @?=J 6I246C32E65 3J E96 724E E92E[ 7@C >2?J H:E9 5CF8 76=@?:6D =:<6 v2?2H2J H9@ 5@?’E 6?5 FA 8@:?8 E@ DE2E6 AC:D@?[ E2IA2J6CD 92G6 E@ 362C E92E 4@DE 7@C 9@FD:?8 E96> :? =@42= ;2:=D]k^Am
kAmx? 255:E:@?[ 3642FD6 @7 E96 8C@H:?8 A@AF=2E:@?[ E96 E2D< 7@C46 C6A@CE65 E92E E96 ?F>36C @7 52JD :E E2<6D 7@C E9@D6 H:E9 76=@?:6D E@ 36 D6?E6?465 :?4C62D65 3J `_ A6C46?E 7C@> a_`_ E@ a_`f[ >62?:?8 >@C6 E:>6 DA6?E H2:E:?8 :? =@42= ;2:=D 7@C H9:49 4@F?E:6D 92G6 E@ 362C E96 4@DE]k^Am
kAmr@F?E:6D 92G6 366? 4@>A=2:?:?8 E92E H:E9 E9:D :?4C62D:?8 4@DE @7 ;2:=:?8 A6@A=6[ C6:>3FCD6>6?E C2E6D 7C@> E96 DE2E6 7@C 9@FD:?8 76=@?D 92G6?’E <6AE A246]k^Am
kAm%96 42A @? C6:>3FCD6>6?ED :D Sbf]d_ 2 52J] qFE {6H:D r@F?EJ $96C:77 s2G:5 !2CC:D9 D2JD E92E C2E6 92D ?6G6C 366? C624965] rFCC6?E=J[ :E’D 2C@F?5 Saa]d_ A6C 5:6>]k^Am
kAm“%96 DE2EFE6 D2JD ‘>2J’ A2J FA E@ bf 5@==2CD W2?5 d_ 46?EDX[” 96 D2:5] “(92E H6 ?66565 H2D 2 ‘D92==’ A2J]” k^Am
kAmx? 724E[ 244@C5:?8 E@ E96 s6A2CE>6?E @7 r@CC64E:@?D H63D:E6[ D:?46 `hhg[ E96 C6:>3FCD6>6?E C2E6 92D ?6G6C 366? 9:896C E92? Sab A6C 52J[ H9:=6 :E 4@DED 2C@F?5 Scd E@ Sd_ A6C 52J E@ 9@=5 2? :?>2E6] %96 C2E6 :D FDF2==J D6E 3J 9@H >F49 7F?5:?8 :D 2AAC@AC:2E65 3J =68:D=2E@CD 2?5 E96 7:?2= 2AAC@G2= @7 E96 8@G6C?@C] k^Am
kE23=6 DEJ=6lQ>2C8:?\=67Ei 2FE@j >2C8:?\C:89Ei 2FE@jQ 3@C56ClQ_Qmk42AE:@?m $E2E6 #6:>3FCD6>6?E #2E6D !6C s:6> %@ r@F?EJ y2:=Dk^42AE:@?mkE3@5JmkECmkE5m u#~|k^E5mkE5m %~k^E5mkE5m#p%t k^E5mk^ECmkECmkE5m f^`^`hhgk^E5mkE5m e^b_^a__ak^E5mkE5m Saa]d_k^E5mk^ECmkECmkE5m f^`^a__ak^E5mkE5m e^b_^a__fk^E5mkE5m Sa_]__k^E5mk^ECmkECmkE5m f^`^a__fk^E5mkE5m e^b_^a__gk^E5mkE5m Sa`]adk^E5mk^ECmkECmkE5m f^`^a__gk^E5mkE5m e^b_^a_`_k^E5mkE5m Saa]__k^E5mk^ECmkECmkE5m f^`^a_`_k^E5mkE5m h^b_^a_`ck^E5mkE5m S`h]dgk^E5mk^ECmkECmkE5m `_^`^a_`ck^E5mkE5m e^b_^a_`dk^E5mkE5m Sa`]dgk^E5mk^ECmkECmkE5m f^`^a_`dk^E5mkE5m e^b_^a_`ek^E5mkE5m Sa_]dgk^E5mk^ECmkECmkE5m f^`^a_`ek^E5mkE5m e^b_^a_`fk^E5mkE5m Sa`]_gk^E5mk^ECmkECmkE5m f^`^a_`fk^E5mkE5m e^b_^a_`gk^E5mkE5m Saa]dgk3C ^mk3C ^mk^E5mk^ECmk^E3@5Jmk^E23=6m
kAmq642FD6 @7 E9:D 82A[ !2CC:D9 D2:5 9:D ;2:= 925 E@ >2<6 D@>6 5:77:4F=E 25;FDE>6?ED[ 5:G6CE:?8 >@?6J 7C@> 9:896C DE277 D2=2C:6D[ 962=E9 42C6[ 6BF:A>6?E 2?5 ;2:= >2:?E6?2?46] k^Am
kAmqFC<6 D2JD 96 :D?’E DFCAC:D65 H96? 96 962CD 23@FE H92E 92AA6?65 E@ v2?2H2J[ 92G:?8 D66? >2?J D:>:=2C D:EF2E:@?D 24C@DD E96 DE2E6] w6 ?@E65 E92E ;F586D[ >2?J @7 H9@> 2C6 6=64E65 3J A@AF=2C G@E6[ 2C6 E96 @?6D H9@ >2<6 E96D6 EJA6 @7 564:D:@?D]k^Am
kAm“%96J F?56CDE2?5 E96 A@D:E:@? =@42= E2IA2J6CD 2C6 :? :7 E96 4@F?EJ 5@6D?’E 86E E96 7F== 4@DE[” qFC<6 D2:5]k^Am
k9bm~?8@:?8 D@=FE:@?Dk^9bm
kAmp >F=E:7246E65 AC@3=6> C6BF:C6D >F=E:A=6 D@=FE:@?D[ 2?5 2 G2C:6EJ @7 E96> 92G6 2=C625J 366? :>A=6>6?E65 ?2E:@?H:56]k^Am
kAmu@C :?DE2?46[ :? a_`c[ r@=@C25@ 3682? C6BF:C:?8 23:=:EJ\E@\A2J 962C:?8D 2=@?8 H:E9 AC6\6DE23=:D965 DE2?52C5D] |:49:82? 5:5 E96 D2>6 D9@CE=J 27E6C] yFDE =2DE J62C[ E96 %6I2D =68:D=2EFC6 A2DD65 2 =2H C6BF:C:?8 :?5:86?4J 962C:?8Dj E96 DE2E6 @7 (2D9:?8E@? C646?E=J 5:5 D@[ E@@]k^Am
kAm%96 6=:>:?2E:@? @7 42D9 32:=[ 2 >@?6E2CJ 2>@F?E C6BF:C65 E@ 36 C6=62D65 7C@> ;2:= AC6EC:2= E@ 6?DFC6 @?6 H:== D9@H FA :? 4@FCE[ C646?E=J A2DD65 :? r2=:7@C?:2] tIA6CED 2C8F6 E92E H@F=5 92G6 <6AE A@@C 5676?52?ED =:<6 v2?2H2J @FE @7 4@F?EJ ;2:= :? E96 7:CDE A=246[ 6=:>:?2E:?8 E96 ?665 E@ A2J 7@C E9@D6 3@2C5 4@DED =2E6C]k^Am
kAmq6J@?5 E96 =68:D=2E:G6 2C6?2[ =2HDF:ED 92G6 86?6C2E65 C6DF=ED] ~? E96 >F?:4:A2= =6G6=[ $E] {@F:D\32D65 pC49 r:EJ s676?56CD H@? 2 D6EE=6>6?E @7 Sc]f >:==:@? H:E9 E96 4:EJ @7 y6??:?8D[ H9:49 925 366? DJDE6>2E:42==J ;2:=:?8 2?5 7:?:?8 :ED >2;@C:EJ 3=24< A@AF=2E:@?]k^Am
kAm!2CE @7 E96 C6DF=ED @7 E96 42D6 :?4=F565 2 7F?52>6?E2= EC2?D7@C>2E:@? @7 y6??:?8D’ ;F5:4:2= AC24E:46D[ :?4=F5:?8 4@?5F4E:?8 >62?:?87F= :?BF:C:6D :?E@ 23:=:EJ E@ A2J 2?5 6DE23=:D9:?8 D@>6 32D:4 DE2?52C5D] %96 4:EJ 2=D@ 28C665 E@ AFCDF6 766D 2?5 7:?6D E9C@F89 E96 4:G:= AC@46DD[ D@ @?6 42?’E 36 ;2:=65 7@C ?@E A2J:?8]k^Am
kAm#6A@CED 7C@> E96 $E] {@F:D !@DE\s:DA2E49 D9@H65 9@H DF49 C67@C>D 925 2? :>A24E[ H:E9 >@DE=J 6>AEJ ;2:=D ?@H]k^Am
kAm!C@A@D65 =68:D=2E:@? E92E 2:>D E@ C65F46 ;2:= 4@DED A2DD65 C646?E=J[ @?6 3:== DA@?D@C65 :? A2CE 3J DE2E6 $6?] r2=63 #@H56?[ #\r@=F>3:2]k^Am
kAmp <6J 4@>A@?6?E H:==[ 7@C E96 7:CDE E:>6[ 2==@H E96 DE2E6 E@ C6:>3FCD6 4@F?E:6D 7@C 6IA6?D6D E92E 4@>6 H:E9 2=E6C?2E:G6D E@ ;2:= D6?E6?46D[ DF49 2D 6=64EC@?:4 >@?:E@C:?8] %9:D H6?E :?E@ 67764E :? pF8FDE]k^Am
kAm“%96 H9@=6 :562 :D E92E :E H@F=5 36 >@C6 677:4:6?E E@ E2IA2J6CD :7 H6 42? 86E A6@A=6 @FE @7 ;2:= H9@ C62==J 5@?’E ?665 E@ 36 D:EE:?8 :? ;2:=[” qFC<6 D2:5] k^Am
kAmx?5665[ DF49 2 D@=FE:@? 4@F=5 ?@E @?=J 4FE 324< @? ;2:= 4@DED[ 3FE :E 4@F=5 :?46?E:G:K6 ;F586D 2?5 4@F?E:6D E@ ?@E :?42C46C2E6 D@>6@?6 =:<6 v2?2H2J 2D E96 5672F=E @AE:@?[ #@H56? D2:5] k^Am
kAm%96?[ 2 3@2C5 3:== H@F=5?’E ?665 E@ 36 492C865 E@ 96C :? E96 7:CDE A=246]k^Am
kAm“xE D9@F=5 564C62D6 4@DED @G6C E:>6 2?5[ :7 5@?6 AC@A6C=J[ H@F=5 564C62D6 C64:5:G:D> 2D H6==[” #@H56? 25565] “%9@D6 EH@ H:== :?6G:E23=J D2G6 >@C6 >@?6J[ @? E@A @7 5:C64E 4@DED] xE’D 2 H:?\H:?]”k^Am
kAmx? 255:E:@?[ @E96C A2CED @7 E96 24E 562= H:E9 <66A:?8 AC:D@? 2?5 ;2:= A@AF=2E:@?D 5@H? 3J 4C62E:?8 AC@8C2>D @? >6?E2= 962=E9 2?5 5CF8 AC@3=6>D] x? 2 AC6DD 4@?76C6?46 :? |2J[ #@H56? D2:5 Sd >:==:@? H2D 3F586E65 E@ DE2CE 2 A:=@E AC@8C2> :? E9C66 4@F?E:6D E@ 562= H:E9 E96D6 :DDF6D]k^Am
kAm“xE’D C62==J DE2CE:?8 E@ EC62E 7@=<D E92E 2C6 562=:?8 H:E9 DF3DE2?46 23FD6 :DDF6D 2?5 >6?E2= 962=E9 :DDF6D :? 2 36EE6C 6?G:C@?>6?E @E96C E92? 2 4@F?EJ ;2:=[” #@H56? D2:5]k^Am
kAmt2C=J C6DF=ED 7C@> E96 A:=@E AC@8C2> 2C6 6IA64E65 E@ 4@>6 @FE 62C=J ?6IE J62C[ #@H56? D2:5] p55:E:@?2==J[ 96 D2:5 E92E E96C6 4@F=5 A@E6?E:2==J 36 ?6H =68:D=2E:@? 7C@> @E96CD E92E 255C6DD6D 86EE:?8 2?5 <66A:?8 A6@A=6 @FE @7 ;2:=] k^Am
kAmpD 7@C E9@D6 =:<6 #:496J[ E96 H2:E 7@C 2?J C6=:67 H:== 36 =@?86C[ 2D |F6==6C’D 42D6D 5C28 E9C@F89 E96 4@FCED]k^Am
kAm“x’> E:C65 @7 2== E9:D[ C62==J[” #:496J D2:5] “x ;FDE H2?E E@ 36 5@?6 H:E9 E9:D]”k^Am
kAmk6>m$FA6CG:D:?8 65:E@C :D |2C< w@CG:E[ k2 9C67lQ>2:=E@i9@CG:E>o>:DD@FC:]65FQm9@CG:E>o>:DD@FC:]65Fk^2m]k^6>mk^Am